HEART FAILURE: ADVERSE OUTCOMES AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17263418Keywords:
heart failure; adverse outcomes; mortality; rehospitalization; arrhythmias; sudden cardiac death; cardiorenal syndrome; hepatic congestion; quality of life; sglt2 inhibitors; arni (sacubitril/valsartan); prognosis; epidemiology; pathophysiology; guideline-directed medical therapy (gdmt).Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome of impaired ventricular function characterized by symptoms of congestion and reduced output [1]. Worldwide, HF affects tens of millions – roughly 1–2% of adults in high-income regions (e.g. ~2.4% of US adults) – and prevalence rises steeply with age [2]. Despite advances, HF portends high morbidity and mortality: 1-year mortality ranges ~6–9% in ambulatory patients versus ~20–30% after hospitalization [7]. HF is also a leading cause of hospital readmission and severely reduced quality of life [5]. This thesis reviews HF definitions, epidemiology, and pathophysiology, then examines its adverse outcomes – mortality, readmission, arrhythmias, end-organ dysfunction, and impaired quality of life – and discusses implications for management and prognosis based on current evidence and guidelines.
References
Savarese G et al. Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology. Cardiovasc Res 2023;118(17):3272–87.
Savarese G et al. (Additional data on prevalence and outcomes in HF).
Kociol RD et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. Circulation 2022;145(18):e895–1032.
Cook C et al. ACC/AHA/HFSA 2022 and ESC 2021 HF guidelines: comparison. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023;66:26–39.
Bellou et al. Factors Associated With Hospital Readmission of HF Patients. Front Pharmacol 2021;12:732760.
Rocha et al. One-year rehospitalization and mortality after acute HF: competing risk analysis. PLoS ONE 2023;18(6):e0287063.
Savarese G et al. ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry: outcomes. Eur Heart J 2018;39(19):1764–73 (as cited in).
Meta-analysis of HF survival (N=1.5 million). Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20(3):427–40 (as cited in).
ACC/AHA/HFSA Guidelines 2022 (abridged recommendations).
